
El trànsit a les ciutats medievals era un lloc molt concorregut i animat, amb les persones, cavalls, carrosses i carruatges que es movien en totes les adreces. Igual que a la nostra ciutat moderna, en aquesta època també es donaria lloc a problemes de tràfic inevitables.
En el seu llibre“Street Life in Medieval England”,, G. T. Salusbury dedica un capítol sencer la problemàtica del trànsit medieval. Des d’obstruccions en les carreteres fins als accidents entri amb carrosses, revelen que les autoritats locals es van mantenir ocupats amb la congestió als carrers.
Tal vegada el problema més comú anés l’infinit esforç pel qual les autoritats urbanes asseguressin que els seus residents no bloquejarien les carreteres. Aquests problemes podrien ser petits – que algun deixés materials de construcció en les vies, o un comerciant decidir els seus productes al llarg del camí, però els alcaldes de les ciutats medievals solien agregar noves lleis per fer front a tals situacions. Si un mercader vengués roba usada en Bristol hauria de mantenir-la en els seus braços, i si era un comerciant de fenc en Northampton, només podia portar-ho sobre el seu cap fins que ho vengués.
Tractar amb la congestió va ser probablement el motiu que va generar un augment de la reglamentació sobre els mercats de carrer a la fi de l’Edat Mitjana. Les ciutats van aprovar lleis que dicían on i quan els mercats podrien operar, el gran que posats dels comerciants podien ser, i fins i tot asseguraven que certes persones no podien anar allí en determinats horaris. Salusbury explica, “no totes les regulacions eren conscients dels resultats d’una política de control de tràfic, però totes ajudessin d’alguna manera assegurar una solució al problema d’emmagatzematge en les vies, tant al que refereix al tràfic sobre rodes i com de vianants.”
El govern també va haver de controlar els propietaris que volien ampliar les seves llars, ja que sovint envaïen els espais de vies adjacents. En adonar-se que s’impediria carrers estrets, alcaldes i regidors van determinar que els propietaris no procedissin amb els seus plans d’expansió i, en alguns casos, que demolissin parts de les seves edificacions. Els intents de prohibir aquestes expansions podrien fins i tot significar contrarestar el rei – durant l’any 1312, el rei Eduardo II va escriure a la ciutat de Londres, que li agradaria ampliar un de les seves llars. L’alcalde i els funcionaris van denegar la petició. Entre les diverses raons argumentaven “que les carrosses que carregaven a la llenya al castell de Baynard tenien el costum passar per allí com la seva ruta comuna; pel que si s’efectués construccions, aquestes mateixes carrosses en trobar-se allí no serien capaces de seguir endavant a causa de l’amplària insuficient de la carretera “. Com si no fos suficient, afegeixen “si s’hagués succeït que a la Reina passar en aquesta via amb el seu carruatge, tal construcció podria ser un obstacle, en girar el carruatge, o en el cas que coincidís amb una altra carruatge allí mateix.”
Un altre problema per a les autoritats locals era el costum dels residents de mantenir als animals i deixar-los solts en el camí. El més problemàtic d’aquests eren els porcs – els seus propietaris solien deixar-los fora, sabent que regiraven les escombraries pel menjar, a més de portar a més desordre en les vies, de vegades fins i tot copejant altres persones. Les autoritats públiques a Anglaterra van buscar formes de detenir aquesta pràctica, Londres i altres ciutats van emetre ordres de forma automàtica de sacrificar els porcs vagant pels carrers – i si el propietari desitjava recuperar les seves restes havia de pagar quatre penics. Altres ciutats també tenien regles perquè els gossos van romandre en cadenes o collarets. Les carrosses o carros podrien ser un altre problema de tràfic en l’Edat Mitjana, començant pel fet que molts d’elles tenien rodes revestides de ferro, que van entelar la pavimentació de les vies. Aquests van ser prohibits sovint. De vegades, hi hauria limitacions quant a la quantitat de carrosses que podien circular en un àrea determinada o per les portes de les ciutats, ja que moltes persones es van queixar que hi havia moltes.
Un altre problema era que les carrosses anaven massa ràpid. En el que sembla ser la primera legislació de límit de velocitat, la ciutat de Londres va incloure aquesta llei en el seu reglament del segle 15, el Liber Albus: “Cap conductor haurà de conduir la seva carrossa sense càrrega o persones més ràpid que quan estigui carregada; per evitar els riscos i reclamacions, de no complir s’hauria de pagar quaranta penics a la Càmera, o tenir el seu cos sotmès a presó sota la voluntat de l’alcalde “.
A pesar que rares vegades es veu esment a la mala conducció en l’Edat Mitjana, es van reportar casos de persones mortes en accidents. En un cas de Londres en 1336, “dos conductors que portant dues carrosses buides fos de la ciutat imposant velocitat als seus cavalls, quan les rodes d’una de les carrosses es van desplomar.” La carrossa va caure sobre Agnes de Cicestre, matant-la. En un altre cas, també de Londres, Ralph de Mymmes, un nen de 12 anys d’edat, conduïa una carrossa amb barrils plens d’aigua, tirat per dos cavalls quan una de les seves rodes va xocar amb un nen de set anys anomenat John Stolere, que estava assegut en la via descansant. John va morir en l’acte, i Ralph va fugir deixant la carrossa i el seu cavall cap a enrere.
Salusbury conclou:
“Un estudi de les normes de circulació vial medievals pot generar una imatge de gran xivarri i confusió, el soroll i la pols i el moviment confinat, en el qual tots els funcionaris dels esforços locals mai podrien deixar-les més ordenada, neta i lliure per al desplaçament, però aquesta imatge té un to molt rural, i hi ha alguna cosa sobre els riscos inherents de tràfic que ho fan que sigui més humà i agradable que qualsevol visió d’un carrer concorregut d’avui, on malgrat l’asfalt, senyals, codis i el decoro, els nervis estan sempre tibants i les morts arriben com un criminal metàl·lic”.
—
Aquest article va ser originalment publicat a la web Medievalists.net el 19 de gener de 2016.
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